Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Status and Salivary Biomarkers Procalcitonin, C Reactive Protein and Matrixmetalloproteinase-8

Volume 10 , Issue 1 , June 2023 , Pages 1-10

Authors

Kanar J. Shukri 1 ; Faraedon M. Zardawi 2

1 Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq.

2 Qaiwan Internal University, Faculty of Dentistry, Sulaimani, Iraq.

DOI logo 10.17656/sdj.10162

Keywords

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to determine the salivary levels of C reactive Protein (CRP), Procalcitonin (PCT), and Matrixmetalloproteinase-8(MMP-8) in periodontitis patients and compare these levels between smokers and non-smokers.
Methods: Eighty male subjects aged 25-60 years were chosen and divided into four groups, each comprising 20 individuals: group I: non-smokers without periodontitis, group II: smokers without periodontitis, group III: non-smokers with periodontitis, and group IV: smokers with periodontitis, based on their smoking habit and clinical periodontal parameters which included plaque index (PI%), bleeding index (BI%), pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). To assess the salivary concentration, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for PCT, CRP, and MMP-8, IBM SPSS program version 22 was used for analysis,
while ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare the means and medians in normally distributed and non-normally distributed variables, respectively.
Results: There were significant variations in the clinical variables PI, BI, PPD, and CAL between the test and control groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, significant differences were detected in the levels of biomarkers PCT, CRP, and MMP-8 among the four groups. Also, a significant difference was recorded between the levels of these biomarkers and smoking (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The study found higher levels of salivary biomarkers in periodontitis and smoker individuals compared to non- periodontitis and non-smoker individuals.

References

  1. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Authors' reply: Predictive diagnostic tests in periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;14(3):17070.
  2. Singh J, Bharti V. The effect of laterally positioned flap-revised technique and 24% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid root conditioning on root coverage: a case report. Saudi Dent J. 2014;26(3):132-8.
  3. Zardawi F, Gul S. Abdulkareem A, Sha A, Yates J. Association between periodontal disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: revisited. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;15(7):625579.
  4. Kamei H, Furui M, Matsubara T, Inagaki K. Gingival enlargement improvement following medication change from amlodipine to benidipine and periodontal therapy. BMJ case Rep. 2022;15(5):249879.
  5. Martínez M, Postolache TT, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Figuero E, Lowry CA, et al. The role of the oral microbiota related to periodontal diseases in anxiety, mood and trauma and stress-related disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2021;27(12):814177.
  6. Zimmermann GS, Bastos MF, Dias Gonçalves TE, Chambrone L, Duarte PM. Local and circulating levels of adipocytokines in obese and normal weight individuals with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2013;84(5):624-33.
  7. Wang CJ, McCauley LK. Osteoporosis and periodontitis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(6):284-91.
  8. Angst PD, Dutra DA, Moreira CH, Kantorski KZ. Periodontal status and its correlation with haematological parameters in patients with leukemia. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(11):1003-10.
  9. AlJehani YA. Risk factors of periodontal disease: review of the literature. Int J Dent. 2014;20(14):182513.
  10. Chatzopoulos G. Smoking, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol consumption as contributing factors to periodontal disease. Northwest Dent. 2016 95(1):37-41.
  11. Azar R. Richard A. Elevated salivary c-reactive protein levels are associated with active and passive smoking in healthy youth: a pilot study. J Inflamm (Lond). 2011;8(1):1-5.
  12. Sravya MVN, Koduganti RR, Panthula VR, Surya PJ, Gireddy H, Dasari R, et al. Efficacy of an herbal antioxidant as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy on procalcitonin levels in smokers with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2019;23(5):430-5.
  13. Ozçaka O, Biçakci N, Pussinen P, Sorsa T, Köse T. Buduneli N. Smoking and matrix metalloproteinases, neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase in chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis. 2011 17(1):68-76.
  14. Lie MA. Smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 1999;106(11):419-23.
  15. Russell MA. Cigarette dependence. I. nature and classification. Br Med J. 1971 2(5757):330-1.
  16. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, Kornman KS, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions from the 1999 introduction and key changes classification. J Periodontol. 2018;89(1):1-8.
  17. Navazesh M. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N YAcad of Sci. 1993;20(694):72-7.
  18. Silva N, Abusleme L. Bravo D, Dutzan N. Garcia-Sesnich J, Vernal R, et al. Host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases. J Appl Oral Sci. 2015 23(3):329-55.
  19. Lee YH, Wong DT. Saliva: an emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases. Am J Dent. 2009;22(4):241-8.
  20. Lin AV. Indirect ELISA. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;13(18):51-9.
  21. D'Aiuto F. Parkar M, Andreou G., Suvan J, Brett PM, Ready D, et al. Periodontitis and systemic inflammation: control of the local infection is associated with a reduction in serum inflammatory markers. J Dent Res. 2004;83(2):156-60.
  22. Shchipkova AY, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS. Subgingival microbial profiles of smokers with periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2010;89(11):1247-53.
  23. Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, López R. Effect of Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(6):831-41.
  24. Patel N, Belcher J, Thorpe G, Forsyth NR, Spiteri MA. Measurement of c-reactive protein, procalcitonin and neutrophil elastase in saliva of COPD patients and healthy controls: correlation to self-reported wellbeing parameters. Respir Res. 2015;16(1):62.
  25. Hendek MK, Erdemir EO, Kisa U. Evaluation of salivary procalcitonin levels in different periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 2015:86(6):820-6.
  26. Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):30-44.
  27. Azizi A, Sarlati F, Bidi M, Mansouri L, Azaminejad SM, Rakhshan V. Effects of smoking severity and moderate and severe periodontitis on serum c-reactive protein levels: an age and gender-matched retrospective cohort study. Biomarkers. 2015;20(5):306-12.
  28. Gupta S. Pradhan S, Kc S, Shakya S, Giri M. C-reactive protein in periodontitis and its comparison with body mass index and smoking behavior. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2017;56(206):226-33.
  29. Gupta N, Gupta ND, Goyal L, Moin S, Khan S, Gupta A, et al. The influence of smoking on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and periodontal parameters in smoker and non-smoker patients with chronic periodontitis: a clinicobiochemical study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2016;6(1):39-43.
  30. Bergström J. Preber H. Tobacco use as a risk factor. J Periodontol. 1994;65(5):545-50.
  31. Kurtis B. Tüter G Serdar M. Pinar S. Demirel I, Toyman U. GCF mmp-8 levels in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis following scaling and root planing accompanied by systemic use of flurbiprofen. J Periodontol. 2007;78(10):1954-61.
  32. He CY, Gao XQ, Jiang LP. The impact of smoking on levels of chronic periodontitis-associated biomarkers. Exp Mol Pathol. 2016;101(1):110-5.
Statistics
  • Article view647
  • Downloads9
  • Published at1 June 2023

  • RIS
  • BibTeX
  • EndNote
  • Mendeley
  • APA (7th edition)
  • MLA (9th edition)
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • Vancouver