Comparison of the gingival phenotype in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects among patients suffering from periodontal diseases

Volume 13 , Issue 1 , April 2026 , Pages 40-50

Authors

Aram Hamad 1 ; Aram Hamad 1

1 University of Sulaimani

DOI logo 10.17656/sdj.10220

Keywords

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to compare the gingival phenotype (GP) in subjects with periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with that in subjects without diabetes mellitus.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 182 subjects with periodontal diseases (102 with type 2 DM, 80 without DM), aged 40 to 65 years. Clinical parameters were assessed, including keratinized gingival width (KGW) and gingival thickness (GT), plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL).

Results: Diabetic patients displayed significantly higher KGW (5.58 ± 0.90 mm vs. 5.12 ± 0.58 mm, p = 0.006), PI (41.19 ± 19.71% vs. 28.38 ± 13.53%, p = 0.001), and BI (42.49 ± 18.16% vs. 28.19 ± 13.80%, p = 0.0001) in comparison to non-DM individuals. There were no significant differences in GT, PD, and CAL between the groups. Sex-based comparisons indicated no significant differences between any of the examined parameters. Correlation analysis and chi-square testing demonstrated substantial relationships between PI and BI (p = 0.0001), BI and CAL (p = 0.04), and PD with CAL (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions: Diabetes significantly alters the GP by increasing KGW, plaque, and bleeding indices, whereas other clinical parameters, such as GT, PD, and CAL, remain predominantly unchanged. These findings underscore the importance of managing inflammation and closely monitoring treatment outcomes in individuals with diabetes with periodontal disease.

پوختە

ئامانجەکان: ئامانجی ئەم توێژینەوەیە بەراوورد کردنی فینۆ تایپی پووک لەو کەسانەی کە نەخۆشی پووک و دەوروبەری ددانیان هەیە لە جۆری دووەمی شەکرە و ئەوانەی شەکرەیان نییە.

ڕێگاکان: توێژینەوەیەکی پانەبڕگەیی لە سەر 182 کەسی تووشبوو بە نەخۆشییەکانی پووک و دەوروبەریی ددان ئەنجامدرا (١٠٢ کەس لە جۆری دووەمی شەکرە، ٨٠ کەس بەبێ شەکرە)، تەمەنیان لە ٤٠ بۆ ٦٥ ساڵ بوو. پارامیتەرە کلینیکیەکان هەڵسەنگاندنیان بۆ ئەنجامدرا کە بریتی بوون لە:

keratinized gingival width (KGW) and gingival thickness (GT), plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL).

ئەنجامەکان: نەخۆشانی شەکرە کەنەخۆشی پووک و دەوروبەری ددانیان هەیە بە شێوەیەکی بەرچاو پارامیتەرەکانی

KGW (5.58 ± 0.90 mm vs. 5.12 ± 0.58 mm, p = 0.006), PI (41.19 ± 19.71% vs. 28.38 ± 13.53%, p = 0.001), and BI (42.49 ± 18.16% vs. 28.19 ± 13.80%, p = 0.0001)  

بەرز ترە بە بەراورد لەگەڵ کەسانی کە نەخۆشی شەکرەیان نیە.جیاوازییەکی بەرچاو لە پارامیتەرەکانی (GT, PD, CAL) نێوان گروپەکاندا نەبوو. بەراوردکارییەکانی بنەمای ڕەگەز ئاماژەیان بە هیچ جیاوازییەکی بەرچاو لە نێوان هیچ کام لە پارامیتەرە پشکنینکراوەکاندا نەکرد. شیکاری پەیوەندی و تاقیکردنەوەی کای-سکوێر پەیوەندییەکی بەرچاوی نیشان دا لە نێوان:

PIو BI (p = 0.0001), BI و CAL (p = 0.04), و PD لەگەڵ CAL (p = 0.0001).   

دەرەئەنجامەکان: شەکرە بە شێوەیەکی بەرچاو فینۆتایپی پووک دەگۆڕێت بە زیادکردنی پارامیتەرەکانی (KG, Plaque Index, Bleeding index) ، پێوەرەکانی تر وەکو( GT, PD, CAL) بە زۆری وەک خۆیان دەمێننەوە، ئەم دۆزینەوانە جەخت لەسەر گرنگی چارەسەرکردنی هەوکردنی پووک و چاودێریکردنی وردی دەرئەنجامەکانی چارەسەرکردن دەکاتەوە لە و کەسانەی کە هەردوو نەخۆشی شەکرەو پووکیان هەیە.  

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